In response, Bullen cried out "God bless you, my brave fellow! [66], Dutch casualty returns, particularly on the captured ships, were vague, and only partially complete. [26] While Duncan had been at sea, the Nore Mutiny had acrimoniously fallen apart under blockade by government forces. On October 11th 1797, Admiral Duncan's North Sea Fleet of 18 vessels trounced the Dutch fleet of 23 warships at Camperdown. The Battle of Camperdown (known in Dutch as the Zeeslag bij Kamperduin) was a major naval action fought on 11 October 1797, between the British North Sea Fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan and a Batavian Navy (Dutch) fleet under Vice-Admiral Jan de Winter. Only HMS Agincourt remained apart from the battle entirely, passing up the Dutch line at extreme range;[51] one anecdotal account reports that on board Agincourt a stray shot passed high over the deck and an officer was seen to flinch, drawing a scornful call from the crew that "There is no danger yet, Sir". Many of the worst wounded were stoical beyond belief; they were determined not to flinch and, when news of the shattering victory was brought down to them, they raised a cheer and declared they regretted not the loss of their limbs. On being informed that he was a prisoner of war, he replied "This is my destiny not foreseen" and, after checking on a mortally wounded officer who lay on the quarterdeck, he followed the boarding party back to their boat for the trip to Venerable. Find art you love and shop high-quality art prints, photographs, framed artworks and … [61] News of the victory had already spread across Britain, and on 20 October Duncan was created Viscount Duncan of Camperdown and Baron Duncan of Lundie. Free Shipping. At the same time, the Dutch ship Jupiter under Rear-Admiral Hermanus Reijntjes, fourth from the southern end of the line, opened fire on the rapidly approaching Monarch. [8] Their ambitions frustrated, the representatives of the United Irishmen, led by Wolfe Tone, turned to the new Batavian state for support and were promised assistance in the coming year by a united French and Dutch fleet. Williams successfully raked his opponent twice, but the complicated tides of the Dutch coast dragged his ship out of range at 17:30 before he could press his attack any further. [3], By October 1797, the plan to attack Ireland had been abandoned and the British North Sea Fleet was again at full strength. Not on display. Captured and became HMS, Badly damaged and ship may have been dismasted. The exhibition became a popular tourist attraction and was viewed by more than 50,000 visitors. Although some sources, particularly in France, have claimed that De Winter was determined to bring Duncan to battle,[32] in reality he was more concerned that his men were disaffected and inexperienced by their long stay in port, and had reluctantly acceded to orders from the Batavian government to conduct a brief sweep in the Southern North Sea in search of weak British forces that could be overwhelmed by his fleet or drawn into the dangerous shallow waters of the Dutch coastline. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_battle_at_the_Battle_of_Camperdown&oldid=966214615, French Revolutionary Wars orders of battle, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Hull and masts damaged, ten guns dismounted, Three guns dismounted, otherwise lightly damaged, Badly damaged and may have been dismasted. [72] The prize crew left on the second rescue boat sent from Russell, and Bullen and Heilberg waited for a third trip to bring them off with the remaining 30 wounded men and three junior Dutch officers who had also elected to stay. Battle of Camperdown. Captured at 14:00 but subsequently wrecked on the Dutch coast, This page was last edited on 5 July 2020, at 19:29. Attacking the Dutch line of battle in two loose groups, Duncan's ships broke through at the rear and van and were subsequently engaged by Dutch frigates lined up on the other side. On 11 October a memorial service was held to remember the dead and a new statue of Admiral Duncan unveiled in the town.[110]. "[96] but some of the highest praise came from his erstwhile opponent, De Winter, who wrote that "Your not waiting to form line ruined me: if I had got nearer the shore and you had attacked, I should probably have drawn both fleets on it, and it would have been a victory for me, being on my own coast. [21] When rumours of the plan reached the fleet at Yarmouth, the crew of Venerable also expressed their distaste with the plan, but reaffirmed their promise of loyalty to their admiral whatever the circumstances. [74] Firing rockets in the hope of attracting attention from any of Duncan's ships, Williams was rewarded at 22:30 by the arrival of Beaulieu. Powerful and Director were the quickest to respond, joining the attack on Vrijheid at 14:00. [84] At the conclusion of the trial on 1 January 1798, Williamson was found guilty of the first charge and not guilty of the latter, resulting in demotion to the bottom of the post captains list and prohibition from further naval service. [68], All of the captured Dutch ships were bought into the Royal Navy, Gleijkheid, Vrijheid, Wassenaar, Haarlem and Alkmaar under their own names (although in most cases they were anglicised) and Admiraal Tjerk Hiddes De Vries as the simpler Devries. The losses suffered by the Dutch Navy in ships, men and morale gave the Royal Navy superiority in the North Sea, a position en… [13] The list was deliberately ignored on the instructions of First Lord of the Admiralty Lord Spencer,[14] and on 16 April the sailors responded with the Spithead Mutiny: a largely peaceful strike action led by a delegation of seamen from each ship tasked with negotiating with the authorities and enforcing discipline. At 09:00, Duncan made the signal "Prepare for battle" while De Winter organised his ships into a line of battle to meet the British attack in a solid defensive formation, sailing on the port tack in a northeasterly heading. Admiral Onslow was made a baronet and Captains Henry Trollope and William George Fairfax were knighted. By 15:00, all three masts had been brought down, obstructing the fire of the starboard battery, while De Winter was the only officer who remained uninjured, standing on his wrecked quarterdeck and still refusing to lower his colours. [Note 4][48] In response Onslow opened fire on the smaller vessels, destroying the frigate's wheel and damaging the rigging so that the ship fell back,[49] followed later by the severely damaged brig.[43]. The Battle of Camperdown, 11 October 1797. Hull severely damaged. Admiral Duncan Receiving the Sword of the Dutch Admiral de Winter at the Battle of Camperdown, 11 October 1797 RMG BHC0506.tiff 7,200 × 5,572; 114.78 MB. [24] Their arrival off Texel on 6 October coincided with De Winter's much delayed expedition. [78] Five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal, awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847. As a result, Cook was trapped on the beach and stabbed to death. CamperdownLoutherb.jpg 512 × 357; 21 KB. [55] At the height of the combat, the colours and signal flags on Venerable were brought down by cannon fire. 'Venerable' is flying the blue ensign from the mizzen and Duncan's blue admiral's command flag at the main. Duncan's men were also better trained and more experienced than their Dutch counterparts, having spent considerably longer at sea and having been taught to fire three rounds a minute to the Dutch two. [30] Wolfe Tone wrote in frustration that "The destiny of Europe might have been changed for ever . . . The Battle of Camperdown (known in Dutch as the Zeeslag bij Kamperduin) was a major naval action fought on 11 October 1797, between the British North Sea Fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan and a Batavian Navy fleet under Vice-Admiral Jan de Winter. . The flagship Venerable fires its last broadside at the Dutch Vryhied. They can't make too much of him. During a brief period replenishing supplies at Yarmouth, news reached Duncan on 10 October that the Dutch had sailed on a raiding cruise and he returned to the Dutch coast, intercepting de Winter's fleet on its way back to the Texel. At the start of October, Duncan was forced to return to Yarmouth for supplies and De Winter used the opportunity to conduct a brief raid into the North Sea. Although Camperdown was considered the greatest ever victory for a British fleet over an equal enemy force to that date, historian Noel Mostert has noted that it "was a battle that, with posterity, somehow lost rank and significance against the greater and more romantically glorious events that followed". In addition to the losses in the rear, five ships of the Dutch van had been captured as well as the frigate Ambuscade that had attacked from the second line. The Battle of Camperdown, 11 October 1797. Fine art. The battle was tactically inconclusive, with both armies holding their ground and claiming vic There, reports from Dutch fishing vessels of Duncan's appearance off the Texel reached De Winter and he immediately recalled his ships and ordered the fleet to turn back towards the Dutch coast, aiming for the village of Scheveningen. ", Casualties in the battle were very heavy on both sides, and historians such as William James have noted that the losses among the British ships were proportionally much higher than when British fleets met French or Spanish opposition. The location of the main anchorage of the Dutch fleet in the waters off the Texel prompted a reorganisation of the distribution of British warships in Northern European waters, with a new focus on the importance of the North Sea. [2] For two months, the English Channel was undefended, but the Dutch failed to take the opportunity to sail from their harbour in the Texel: their preparations were not complete, and a small squadron of loyal British ships under Duncan convinced de Winter that the British fleet was at sea by sending nonsensical signals to fictitious ships over the horizon. Despite his initial success, Duncan was unable to retain control in the face of a more widespread revolt on 15 May among the ships based at the Nore, which became known as the Nore Mutiny. . [6], The French Navy had suffered a series of disasters in the opening years of the war, suffering heavy losses at the Glorious First of June in 1794 and during the Croisière du Grand Hiver the following January. Among the dead were Captain Burges of Ardent and two lieutenants, while the wounded included Captain Essington of Triumph and twelve lieutenants. The winds subsequently changed direction and on 10 June six more ships joined Duncan's squadron from the Channel Fleet and on 13 June a Russian squadron arrived. Within hours, Trollope had discovered and followed De Winter. Ahead of this combat, the lead ships HMS Isis and Gelijkheid fought alongside one another, Isis having failed to break through the Dutch line and instead drawn up to port. As carronades were not traditionally taken into consideration when calculating a ship's rate,[13] these ships may have actually been carrying additional or fewer guns than indicated below. [61] Instead he ordered his ships to ensure control of their prizes and to return to Britain. None of these ships was ever in sufficient condition for service in open waters: the damage suffered at Camperdown proved too severe for them to be fully repaired. The ship was thus defenceless, Commander Ruijsoort surrendering immediately. Twitter; Facebook; Email; Pinterest; Share this page. Fighting subsequently broke out between the radical leaders and the moderate majority of seamen and the ships gradually deserted Parker and returned to their anchorages, so that by 12 June only two ships still flew the red flag of the mutineers. [70] Nevertheless, the effects of the action on the wider war were hugely important. En route, the fleet was struck by a series of gales and two prizes were wrecked and another recaptured before the remainder reached Britain. "[26] The expected attack never came: the Dutch army that was to have joined the fleet was not prepared, and Duncan's misleading signals had successfully convinced De Winter that a large British fleet waited just beyond the horizon. [7] Both sides suffered heavy casualties during the battle as each fleet had been trained to aim at the hulls of their opponents, maximising the damage to personnel. [70] Some modern historians, such as Peter Padfield, have agreed with Hotham's assertion, with the added suggestion that Duncan's tactics during the battle might have had an influence on the newly promoted Rear-Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, who was in England recovering from the loss of his right arm at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife at the time of Camperdown. Unable to reach Duncan's flagship, the King instead rewarded the fleet as a whole by pardoning 180 men condemned for their role in the Nore Mutiny and held aboard the prison hulk HMS Eagle in the River Medway. The losses suffered by the Dutch Navy in ships, men and morale gave the Royal Navy superiority in the North Sea,[42] a position enhanced by the disruption the battle caused to French negotiations for an alliance with what historian Edward Pelham Brenton describes as the "Northern Powers" of Scandinavia. "[44], The combined effect of Duncan's orders was to split his fleet into two uneven divisions, each sailing in a loose formation towards the unified Dutch line. Led by a sailor named Richard Parker, the Nore mutineers quickly organised and became a significant threat to water traffic in the Thames Estuary. The ships in the orders of battle below are listed in the order in which they appeared in the respective battle lines. [8], Although the sailors of both fleets fought hard, they were suffering from popular unrest; the mutinies in Britain continued to overshadow the Royal Navy, while the Dutch sailors were unhappy with French dominion and, in marked difference to their officers, were generally supporters of the exiled House of Orange. [60] De Winter then summoned the ship's carpenter and ordered him to repair his barge, so that the admiral could transfer command to another ship and continue the battle. [32] His fleet consisted of 16 ships of the line and a number of smaller support craft, and his orders from The Hague included instructions to remember "how frequently Dutch Admirals have maintained the honour of the Dutch flag, even when the enemy's forces were sometimes superior to theirs. [97] About this artwork. As the Dutch fleet attempted to reach shallower waters in an effort to escape the British attack, the British leeward division joined the windward combat and eventually forced the surrender of the Dutch flagship Vrijheid and ten other ships. To ensure that there was no suggestion that the flagship had surrendered, a sailor named Jack Crawford scrambled to the top of the mainmast and replaced them as the battle raged beneath him. [24] He was subsequently joined by two additional ships, HMS Russell and HMS Sans Pareil,[25] and on the fourth day, with conditions still perfect for the Dutch, he anchored his squadron in the Marsdiep channel and gave orders for them to fight until their ships sank, thereby blocking the channel. The Battle of Camperdown, 11 October 1797. The southern or leeward division comprised eight third rate ships of the line and the repeater frigate HMS Beaulieu, and was led by Vice-Admiral Richard Onslow on HMS Monarch. 24 x 36 inches. [11] The Dutch did, however, have the advantage of weight of shot, especially when their well-armed frigates and brigs are included statistically. Commander Johan Ferdinand Dumesnil de l'Estrille, Captured but later driven ashore on the Dutch coast and retaken by Dutch forces, Badly damaged. The battle split into two melees, one to south, or leeward, where the more numerous British overwhelmed the Dutch rear, and one to the north, or windward, where a more evenly matched exchange centred on the battling flagships. The Dutch tried to lure the British commander on to the shoals, but he accepted the risk, chased them, and captured nine ships. The painting may be purchased as wall art, home decor, apparel, phone cases, greeting cards, and more. Articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with dead external links from November 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Battles of the War of the First Coalition, Naval battles involving the Batavian Republic, Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars, Order of battle at the Battle of Camperdown, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8211, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/20476, https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/14055/page/, https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/14075/page/, What Were the British Earnings and Prices Then? ". [27], By the middle of August 1797, after six weeks of constant easterly winds that kept his ships trapped in their harbour, De Winter decided that an attempt to join the French at Brest as the first stage of an invasion of Ireland was impractical and he abandoned the plan. As they manoeuvred into their assigned stations, the Dutch fleet drew closer to the shore. [19] The following week he assembled all of the men and demanded to know whether they would follow his orders: in response the crew nominated a spokesman, who apologised for their actions, saying "we humbly implore your honour's pardon with hearts full of gratitude and tears in our eyes for the offense we have given to the worthiest of commanders who has proved a father to us". The British frigates, their quarry having escaped, returned to Duncan's struggling fleet. [82], Not all of the reactions were positive: several of Duncan's captains were criticised for their failure to rapidly and decisively engage the enemy, including Captain Wells of Lancaster. A British fleet defeated the Dutch, who were then allied with the French. All products are produced on-demand and shipped worldwide within 2 - … Several ships were delayed, with three wallowing off Kentish Knock, three more in Hosley Bay and several still at sea due to an adverse northwesterly wind. [58] When British sailors from Director boarded the drifting flagship, De Winter was discovered assisting the carpenter with repairs to the barge. "[33] Preparing the ships for sea took some time, and the Dutch did not manage to leave the Texel until 10:00 on 8 October, De Winter turning southwest in the hope of linking with another Dutch ship of the line at the mouth of the River Maas. [53] The remainder of the British fleet now arrived in the battle, Captain John Wells of HMS Lancaster firing on the Beschermer near the head of the Dutch line. The crew fitted jury masts, but they too collapsed and the hull flooded to a depth of 14 feet (4.3 m). On 14 October the frigates hunted for their opponents, and found the Dutch ships off the Goeree channel at 05:00. For the next 24 hours the 66-year-old Duncan remained on duty without a break, organising the scattered fleet on its journey home. Bullen offered a place in the first rescue boat, from Veteran, to Heilberg, but the Dutch officer refused, gesturing to the immobile wounded who had been brought onto the maindeck as the lower decks had flooded and replying "But how can I leave these men?". The rendezvous never occurred; the continental allies failed to capitalise on the Spithead and Nore mutinies that paralysed the British Channel forces and North Sea fleets during the spring of 1797. [83] The worst criticism fell on Captain John Williamson of Agincourt. Eventually the last rebellious ship, Parker's own HMS Sandwich, surrendered on 14 June. Eventually Duncan was left with only his own Venerable and Hotham's Adamant to contain the entire Dutch fleet. "[5] Duncan's health deteriorated after the battle, forcing his retirement from the Navy in 1799 and contributing to his death at Cornhill-on-Tweed in 1804. Battle of Camperdown. [22] Duncan later wrote that "To be deserted by my own fleet in the face of the enemy is a disgrace which I believe never before happened to a British Admiral, nor could I have supposed it possible. Mark this image as a favourite. "[90] while William James noted in 1827 that after the battle ""Batavian prowess" still claimed the respect of an enemy and the applause of the world". [32] He fired signal guns to alert his captains and then ordered them to "engage the enemy as arriving up" and for his van to attack the Dutch rear. Tone joined the staff of Vice-Admiral Jan de Winter on his flagship Vrijheid in the Texel and 13,500 Dutch troops were equipped in preparation for the operation, the fleet waiting only for the best moment to take advantage of westerly winds and sweep past the British blockade and down the English Channel. In a speech to his men, he announced that "The soundings are such that my flag will continue to fly above the water after the ship and her company have disappeared. 186 relations. "[58][Note 5] In total, Dutch losses were later reported as 540 men killed and 620 wounded,[64] with Vrijheid the worst hit with the loss of almost half of its total complement. The northern or windward division comprised six third rate ships of the line, two fourth rate ships and the frigate Circe, tasked with repeating signals from the flagship Venerable, which led the division with HMS Triumph and HMS Ardent close behind. Assailed from both sea and land, the remainder of the Dutch Navy under Admiral Story capitulated without a fight: in what became known as the Vlieter Incident, the political divisions between the officers and seamen resulted in a mutiny during which the Dutch sailors threw their ammunition overboard. . 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